Kazoo analyzed the history of the American workforce’s efforts to advance—and many times also regress — the inclusion of LGBTQ+ workers.
History of LGBTQ+ inclusion in the American workforce
History of LGBTQ+ inclusion in the American workforce
LGBTQ+ inclusion in the workforce goes beyond displaying rainbow logos in June and public relations statements about Pride Month—it begins with tenacious, grassroots efforts that propel empathy and compassion into the working world. The oppression of queer people in American history dates back to the pre-colonial era and continues today. Efforts by outspoken activists prompted legislation changes and larger cultural shifts throughout the decades, but substantial progress only has tangible outcomes over the last two decades. Sodomy was federally decriminalized in 2003, and discrimination of queer people in the workplace became federally illegal only in 2020.
And even still, several civil rights issues continue to stand in the way of equality. Queer people of color—especially those who are queer and transgender—still face employment discrimination, on-the-job harassment, and increased incidence of violence. LGBTQ+ people are also more likely to live below the poverty line, dealing with suppressed wages alongside the fear of being harassed or judged for existing in the workplace.
To better contextualize the history and efforts taken to advance—and many times also regress—the inclusion of LGBTQ+ workers in the American workforce, Kazoo analyzed the points in history where workers’ and queer people’s rights intersected. In addition to drawing on information from the National Park Services series on LGBTQ+ America and a variety of other online resources, we consulted three books: Liz Winfeld’s “Straight Talk About Gays in the Workplace” (1995); Sharon Silverstein and Annette Friskopp’s “Straight Jobs, Gay Lives” (1996); and Sachi Barreiro’s “Your Rights in the Workplace” (2018).
While this compilation is comprehensive, it is not exhaustive. Data and other information around the rights of LGBTQ+ workers for decades excluded bisexual, nonbinary, and transgender people, focusing on primarily white, affluent, cisgender gay men and lesbian women. While strides have been made over the years to bar discrimination, workers in America, if they are not contracted, remain at-will employees. This means an employer can still technically fire a worker for being queer despite the Supreme Court’s 2020 ruling, so long as the employer’s homophobic motivations are not made overtly. Only union contracts can protect employees from being fired without cause.
The landscape for LGBTQ+ workers continues to change amid activist efforts and a better sense of understanding across the nation. Since the same-gender marriage ruling in the Supreme Court in 2015, there has been a clear stagnation of advancements made on behalf of LGBTQ+ workers, and workers in general in the U.S. The federal minimum wage has not increased since 2009, and the amount of workers protected by unions continues to shrink.
But one theme remains clear for LGBTQ+ workers: Overcoming fear and judgment is their greatest tool in fighting discrimination.
As outlined in “Straight Jobs, Gay Lives”: “Fear is the major enemy of gay professionals, we found. Those who summoned the courage to stand up to discrimination emerged with both their pride and their career intact. Thus, we believe, it is never too late to come out. Even after a discriminatory incident takes place, coming out may be a gay professional’s best defense.”
The Lavender Scare: Queer workers fired for their identities
In post-World War II America, cultures shifted to more conservative and traditional values, placing importance on the heteronormative nuclear family with gendered family values. McCarthyism affected nearly every facet of American life, instilling fear of communism and left-wing values. Also dubbed the Red Scare, this phenomenon took hold in 1947 with President Harry S. Truman’s Federal Employee Loyalty Program executive order. This, from 1947–56, resulted in 2,700 dismissals and 12,000 resignations of federal employees who were deemed “un-American.”
At the same time, the Lavender Scare tore through the rights and freedoms of American LGBTQ+ federal workers. In 1953, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an executive order that would allow termination of employees on suspicions of “sexual perversion.” This largely translated to homosexual activity under the guise of potential blackmail and threats to national security. The executive order also tied queerness to communist values, breaking the mold of the nuclear family and heteronormative lifestyle McCarthyism sought to crystalize.
Workplaces that broke ground for LGBTQ+ workers’ benefits
In 1982, the Village Voice became the first workplace to implement domestic partner benefits in the U.S. after the newspaper’s workers’ union bargained for the benefits with the Voice’s leadership. The Distributive Workers of America’s negotiations helped pave the way for other private companies to begin offering these benefits, with the American Psychological Association Insurance Trust following suit a year later. And in 1984, the California cities of Berkeley and West Hollywood became the first municipalities to adopt domestic partner legislation for workers.
Fewer than five organizations offered domestic partner benefits by 1990, and yet, by December 1994, 42 cities and states, 96 private companies, and 68 higher education institutions offered domestic partner benefits. Before the Village Voice, queer workers bargaining for domestic partner benefits could only feebly point to the Unfair Insurance Practices Act of the 1970s.
Queer workers’ hesitancy to come out
Making the decision to come out of the closet in the workplace plagues queer workers even today. Generations of judgment, stigma, and a lack of legislation protecting LGBTQ+ workers often keep people in the closet, for fear that coming out will cost them their careers. Professionals outside of the LGBTQ+ community often question why sexual orientation is relevant or even appropriate to discuss in the workplace. As described in “Straight Talk About Gays in the Workplace”: “Sexual behavior does not and should not have anything to do with work. Sexual orientation, however, is not sexual behavior. Orientation is who a person is, not what a person does.”
In “Straight Jobs, Gay Lives,” the researchers determined the queer people who faced the most discrimination were those who were not out at work. Coming out actually lessened discrimination at work. When the findings were published in the mid-’90s, the culture of casual gay-bashing existed in many facets of American life and culture, punctuated by the Defense of Marriage Act, which denied federal recognition of same-gender marriages and was signed into law by President Bill Clinton after it passed overwhelmingly in Congress.
Coming out: an LGBTQ+ workers’ best defense
Having a heteronormative culture enshrined in the American workforce created what felt like an unwelcoming space for many queer people. Often, LGBTQ+ workers who chose to stay in the closet felt they faced the brunt of vague, discriminatory behavior at work. Blackmail of LGBTQ+ workers was not as common as queer and non-queer people believed, and overall, victims of blackmail did not experience long- or short-term career damage.
Similarly, out queer blue-collar workers receive more protection than their closeted colleagues. Out queer workers can more easily point toward discrimination and receive union support—if the worker is part of a union. The stigma to come out in trade jobs is often greater than in white-collar environments, leaving many of these workers in vulnerable positions.
Aside from blatant harassment, discrimination in the workplace is most often covert. This makes tracking the overall treatment of queer workers—from promotion tracks to salary gaps—difficult to illustrate. But one facet of the American workforce remains true: Homophobic work cultures and policies can historically be quantified as poor business decisions. Employee retention drops, some employers have lost thousands in legal cases—even before federal legislation passed—and workers generally felt more disinterested in the company and their work.
A stall on transgender workers’ rights: In-fighting and the Erickson Foundation
The Erickson Educational Foundation was founded in 1964 to fund research and activism specifically for transgender people. While the foundation only lasted about 20 years, no other organization existed specifically for transgender activism. It could be argued the foundation laid the groundwork for the International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy in 1992.
Advocacy specifically for transgender rights remained under the radar at the time, so much so that the conference wasn't able to add any transgender protections under the Employment Non-Discrimination Act. The reason for the halt in progress came more from in-fighting within the LGBTQ+ community, rather than resistance from outsiders. Gay, cisgender organizations and the Human Rights Campaign shot down any protections for transgender workers during the conference.
In terms of protections, historically, LGBTQ+ people are the last minority group to receive rights and protections. Women, racial and ethnic minorities, people older than 40, and people with disabilities have long been protected against employment discrimination on a federal level. Before the 2020 Supreme Court ruling that barred discrimination of LGBTQ+ workers, no federal law existed to protect the community.
Being a queer US military service worker
Before the 1990s, and dating as far back as the American Revolution, being fired or dismissed from the service due to “homosexual acts” was commonplace, so much so that many service members did not come out. The military saw two gay men come out in 1975 and in 1976. Leonard Matlovich, a sergeant in the Air Force, came out first by appearing on the cover of Time magazine with the headline: “I am a Homosexual.” The article received polarizing responses from readers. These responses ranged from claims that Matlovich was “a disgrace to the uniform of an honorable service” to pointing out the irony of a person who “[is] highly decorated for killing thousands of your fellow men and [is] drummed out of the corps if you dare to love one.” A year later, Tom Gallagher became the first out foreign services officer. He resigned not long after coming out because his sexuality barred him from passing security clearances.
Most famously, the Clinton administration implemented the “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy in 1994, which prohibited military personnel from harassing and discriminating against LGBTQ+ service members. The administration designed the policy to protect queer workers in the military, but it received criticism from activists who claimed it forced people back into the closet. After all, service members could still be dismissed for talking about their queerness. The Obama administration repealed the policy in 2011, but 12,000 workers in the military still lost their jobs over those 17 years in effect for speaking about their sexual and gender identities.
The recent history of LGBTQ+ inclusion for military workers
Workers in the U.S. military face a different set of challenges from other employees across the U.S., as these members are bound more strictly by federal law and other employment laws specific to this sector. Due to such conditions, queer inclusion in the military proves to be more arduous and inconsistent than acceptance in other facets of the American workforce.
The 2010s saw inconsistencies when it came to queer inclusion in the military. In 2014, Veteran Affairs granted widow benefits to the first lesbian couple. A year later, the military made efforts to be more trans-inclusive with the opening of its first clinic for transgender members, and progress for transgender members continued into 2017 when the Pentagon paid for surgery for a transgender member of the military. But rights initiatives came to a screeching halt in 2019 when the Trump administration banned transgender people from the forces, which wasn’t repealed until the Biden administration took over in 2021.
This story originally appeared on Kazoo and was produced and distributed in partnership with Stacker Studio.
